THE THIRD CONDITIONAL
lesson 1 26/09/2012
Hypothetical / Unreal past
Tenses:
· past perfect simple
· past perfect continuous
Structure of the sentence:
Past perfect simple
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Past perfect continuous
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If I had studied, I could have passed the exam
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If I had been studying, I could have passed the exam
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If I had studied, I might have passed the exam
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If I had been studying, I might have passed the exam
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If I had studied, I might have passed the exam
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If I had been studying, I might have passed the exam
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Have passed = perfect infinitive
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ALTERNATIVES TO IF
lesson 2 03/10/2012
Necessary:
· provided that
· on (the) condition that
· assuming
· but for
· not..until
· as long as
Imaginary:
· in case
· what if
· suppose/supposing
Unexpected:
· even if
Alternative:
· whether (or not)
Negative:
· unless
Example
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Meaning
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don’t call me if you need help
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You can’t call
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don’t call me unless you need help
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You can call if you have problems
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Example
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Meaning
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You must go tomorrow if you are ready or not
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Come in both cases
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You must go tomorrow even if you are not ready
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Come in both cases
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You must go tomorrow if you are ready
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Come only if you are ready
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PHRASAL VERBS
lesson 3 10/10/2012
· To bring up = mention / introduce a topic
· To find out = get information
· To give yourself away = show your feelings
· To give up = let go / lose
· To point it out = explain / highlight
· To set up = arrange / organize
· To turn down = refuse
· To come back = return
· To fit in with = work well with others in a group
· To go on = continue
· To shut up = be quiet
· To stand up = rise to your feet
· To watch out (for) = be careful because of danger
Phrasal verbs consist of verb + adverb particle. They can be transitive or intransitive.
1. Intransitive phrasal verbs:
They do not have an object and they are often used in instructions and commands.
Examples:
· Stand up - come back – watch out
2. Transitive phrasal verbs:
They have an object and if the object is a noun we can put it:
· Between the verb and the particle (example: I feel obliged to turn your offer down)
· After the particle(example: I feel obliged to turn down your offer).
If the object is a pronoun we must put it:
· Between the verb and the particle (example: I’m sorry that I had to point out to you).
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Listening strategies
Lesson 4 17/10/12
· Relax and concentrate
· Before = idea (predict as much information as you can)
· During = key words / fast connected speech
· After = fill in
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Phrasal verbs
Lesson 4 17/10/12
Different meanings of the phrasal verb: to take off
Example
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Meaning
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The plane took off
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To launch
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He took off his jacket when he came in
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To remove
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The comedian has made a good living taking off famous politicians
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To imitate
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Sales are really taking off
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to increase quickly
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Different meanings of the phrasal verb: to get into
Example
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Meaning
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He got into the car
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To go in
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I’m really getting into this film
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To get involved
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Negotiation
Lesson 4 17/10/12
Objects of negotiation:
· Price
· Quantitative
· Delivery dates
· Payment terms
· Transport /delivery
· Insurance
“Batna” = bottom line (the limit)
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PRESENTATION’S CORRECTIONS
Lesson 5 24/10/12
1. Suffixes:
· propose, produce (verbs)
· proposal, product (nouns)
· photographic (adjective) photography (noun)
2. Verb Structure
· To explain something to someone
3. Sentence Structure
· There are/were three main points
4. Signposting Language
· This brings us to the end of our presentation. Thank you for your attention. Are there any questions?
5. Present Perfect
· This has caused many problems
· Recently it hasn't been going very well
6. Word Choice
· Current (adjective) nowadays (adverb)
· renew/restructure/rennovate
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MAKING A BUSINESS PRESENTATION
Lesson 5 24/10/12
Preparation
6 key areas:
· Objectives = the aim / the target
· The audience = who are they / what do they want to know
· The content = must be interesting
· Organization = clear / the audience can follow
· Visual information = presenting on PC is more interesting / not write too information
· Practise = be confident / be aware of the time
Delivery
5 key areas:
· Nerves = not feel nervous / read deeply
· Voice = speak not quickly
· Body language = give the impression to be relaxed / eye contact / stand up / don’t read
· Visual information
· Questions = answer questions in a diplomatic way / polite
PRESENTATION’S PHRASES
Introduction:
· First of all
· The purpose
· After that
· Finally
· By the end of my talk
· I’ll be happy to answer
Body of the presentation:
· Moving on now to
· For instance
· I’ll come back to that point later
· To illustrate my point
Conclusion:
· I’d now like to recap
· So to sum up
· The important thing to remember is
· This brings me to the end of my presentation
· Thank you for your attention
· Thanks very much everyone for coming to my presentation. Any questions?
· If you have any questions, I’ll be happy to answer
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Synthesising Information
Lesson 6 31/10/12
- What is the difference between a quotation, a paraphrase, a synthesis and a summary?
· Summary: a short statement the give the main information about something, without giving all the details. When you summarize - be brief, accurate and rewrite in your own words by using synonyms and changing the sentence structure.
· Paraphrase: a statement that express in a different or clearer way what someone has said or written.
· Synthesis: something that has been made by combining different things, or the process of combining things.
· Quotation: when you report someone’s idea with his own words by putting them in quotation marks.
2. How MUST we attribute them to their original authors?
· In the text: citations (surname, year)
· At the end: bibliography (surname; initial; date; title; retrieved from www…)
Main Points to Remember
1. Always include a set of references at the end of your essay, thesis, dissertation. For examples go to http://www.uefap.com/writing/writfram.htm
2. Use a range of reporting verbs and check their structure.
3. Paraphrase rather than quote where possible. Do not use a quote if you do not understand it or can not put it in your own words. Do not use a quote if the information is well known or irrelevant to the point you are making.
4. As well as a list of references at the end, you must also show your sources in the text by using citations for all quotations, paraphrases and summaries. The citation can be integral (i.e. the name of the author is included in the sentence - e.g. Johnson states that...) or non integral (the name of the author is included at the end in brackets). Remember when you quote you must also include the page number. If your essay does not include citations, your professor will assume you have cheated.
How to write a synthesis:
· Read material from different sources that will help you do the task;
· Make notes of key, relevant points for each text in your own words;
· Find relationship between the points in your notes. Look for patterns and categories of information, common ideas, similarities, differences; contrasts, contradictions. Mark or highlight links between points using colours, letters or numbers;
· Decide on the best order for the points you will use for your synthesis and write them all on one piece of paper;
· Write your synthesis using your own words and citing relevant authors;
· Check the synthesis against the original texts to make sure it is accurate.
Writing skills
In the opening paragraph of an opinion-led essay, you should:
· Introduce the subject of the essay;
· Refer to the main point(s) in the question.
· State clearly your opinion on the topic.
· Indicate the scope of the essay.
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Steps to write an academic essay
Lesson 7 7/11/2012
Writing is a process - each stage is important:
- Brainstorm ideas
- Refine/define your topic/thesis statement/analyse the question
- Research your material
- Come up with a list of points
- Organise paragraphs
- Select & rephrase supporting material
- Write
- Check
- References & Bibliography
Planning
- Look at the essay topic
How many parts are there to the question?
What are your ideas/opinions?
What are the main points you wish to make?
Brainstorm ideas
- Research
- Look at your research/supporting material - which points do they apply to?
- How will you include your supporting material?
A paraphrase of the main points?
An indirect quote?
A direct quote?
- Without looking at the article, write down the point you want to make in your own words.
- Look back at the article – what changes can you make in vocabulary (synonyms) or structure (active ◄►passive, noun ◄►verb etc)
- Organisation
Organise your points into paragraphs – one paragraph for each idea.
What type of essay structure do you think you will use?
Possible Essay Structures:
(state the topic & your opinion clearly)
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Problem
▼
Solution
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Evaluation
(summarise/restate opinion)
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(state the topic & your opinion clearly)
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Discussion of theme 1
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Discussion of theme 2
Etc
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Conclusion
(summarise/restate opinion)
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3.Situation/Introduction
(state the topic & your opinion clearly)
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One side of the argument (e.g. advantages) and why you support it
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The other side of the argument (e.g. disadvantages) and why you think it is unconvincing
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Conclusion
(summarise/restate opinion)
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N.B. You can of course adapt these structures to fit your material and the essay question.
- Think about your paragraph structure
- Topic sentence (this summarises what the paragraph is about)
- Explanation/reason
- Example
Writing
- Register
Your essay should be consistently formal in register. This means:
Tip
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Example
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It is argued that
It is a common belief that
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Heated debate concerning the controversial issue
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Furthermore, however, nonetheless
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I’m, it’s
I am, It is
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Lots of, be over the moon about, put up with
Many/Numerous, be thrilled, extremely excited about, suffer/bear
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Experts say, they think it’s bad
Experts suggest/state, they view it unfavourably
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- Style
When you are writing remember these “golden rules”
1. Keep your average sentence length to about 20 words.
2. Keep the subject, the verb, and the object together - toward the beginning of the sentence.
3. Use strong, precise verbs. Minimize is, are, was, and were.
4. Turn -ion words into verbs when you can.
5. Simplify wordy phrases. Watch out for of.
6. Make everything you write “speakable”.
Exam’s features
Lesson 8 14/11/2012
1) All exams:
· How many marks?
· How much time on each question
· Answer everything
2) Reading:
· Type of text
· Read the whole text first
· Type of reading needed:
a) Skin for gist
b) Scan for info
c) Infer opinion
3) Writing(40 minutes):
· Plan = 10
· Write =25
· Check for context and for mistakes = 5
4) Listening:
· Before = predict
· During = key words
· After = fill in
5) Speaking:
· Ask for clarification
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Suggestions for english exams
Lesson 9 21/11/12
Speaking Criteria
(A)Look at the assessment criteria for Cambridge speaking exams – What do each of these terms mean?
- Grammatical Resource
- Lexical Resource
- Discourse Management
- Pronunciation
- Interactive Communication
(B)One of the key skills to have at C1 level is to be able to maintain a discussion even if you are unfamiliar with the topic.
What language structures can help you do this?
Think about modals, fixed phrases, hypotheticals.
Suggested Answers - Speaking
Hedging:
"I'm not entirely sure but"
"Perhaps"
"That's not my field of expertise but"
"As far as I know"
"Well, I'm not an expert but I would think that..."
Stalling/Fillers:
"I haven't really given it much thought"
"That's a very good question."
"Let me just think about that for a minute..."
"I'm glad you asked me that because that's an area I am really interested in..."
Conditionals:
2nd (present hypotheticals) If it were me, I would ...
3rd (past hypotheticals) If it had been me, I would have ....
Modals:
Assumption (will/won't, should/shouldn't)
Deduction (must, can't/couldn't)
Possibility (may/may not, might/might not, could)
Relative Clauses:
(Especially when you can't think of the right word in English)
The person who
The place where
The thing which
The time when
(C) Interactive Communication
Expanding Your Answer:
State point - "In my view..." "The way I see it..." "As far as I'm concerned..." "From my point of view..."
Explain it - "What I mean is..."
Give an example - "Take _____ for example..."
Agreeing & Disagreeing:
I couldn't agree more
I agree with you up to a point
I see where you're coming from but
I wouldn't go as far as that
You may be right but,
I'm afraid I don't see it that way
Interrupting Politely:
If I could just add/say/jump in
Sorry to interrupt but ...
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